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ɛ˖ၾٟึ߅ኪᔊৃc20 ՜ 3 ಂg108 ϋ 6 ˜

ಀ՘пҢኪ୦ᔛ˖dҢ࿁வ၇Ιܓӻ୕˖οߠܝٙႧԊଉชഹ৖d׵݊Ӕ֛ኪ
୦ᔛႧf຅ࣛdၽ̏ڝڐঐҬՑ֢ࣚၽᝄٙʕϼϋᔛߤfҢܘֱ༶ٙഐᗆԸІ
̬ʇ߰ဧႊጤᒍਟඊႺזӀd͎Ⴇݴлҁ዆ٙྗเʗᄣ΋͛fί˼ᆠઋ઺ኬ

ɨdҢක֐ኪ୦τεᔛႧfԟࣛɽ௔̈وۜʔঐݴஷdසঐኯഹኪ͛Ԓʱ̘ʕ
޼৫Σ޼Ӻɛࡰ࠾ቡdאίྡࣣ᎜तᔛ܃ቡᛘfชᑽ̦ႧהɕԞอ৫ɻeᛵ๯
۬৫ɻ౤Զቇࣛ՘пd੻˸ԈՑ ʕ਷Ⴇ˖‘eႧԊ޼Ӻ‘e͏ૄႧ˖‘ Ϟᗫᔛ
ᇚႧٙࠠࠅሞ˖f຅ࣛӊᛘՑɓᇐږᘄeᓻ᜴ੀeᗈдᜫe࢑҃කeᏖᅅขഃ

ۃቁਖ਼࢕ٙอЪdԟ၇νᐏЇᘒٙጳኧːઋdνʦাኳ೓อf
ᒍਟ༑ٙႧࠪdίτεᔛႧʕܘϞतᓃf຅ࣛ਷̮ኪ٫νੵೢeᑽႍ໛ഃ
ʊءจՑזᔜᔛႧʩࠪϞЉЗ৷Эٙʩࠪձፓତ൥d್ϾᒍਟτεᔛႧٙତ൥
ۆ᙮׵ ˜ʩࠪˀձፓ™dᕐࠪື൚ۃࠪືٙʕʩࠪึաܝࠪື৷ʩࠪືՓdମʷ

މ޴ᏐٙЭʩࠪdவίᔛႧɗЇ˰ޢႧԊʕேɤʱӼԈfҢ၂ɻචݬٙ޼Ӻሙ
ᕚ݊߰ဧႊᔛႧٙ΍ࣛࠪᗲʿዝ̦စᜊdሞ˖ί૎ுӱeᛵ๯۬ɚЗϼࢪܸኬ
ɨ׵ 1981 ϋҁϓdܝ͟˚͉؇ԯ̮਷ႧɽኪԭڢႧԊ޼Ӻה͍ό̈وf၂ɻଭ
ุܝd΋΂઺׵૶ശɽኪʕ਷Ⴇ˖ኪӻdᎇܝ׵ 1986 ϋᏐ໌׵ʕ̯޼Ӻ৫̦Ⴇ

הႧԊኪଡ଼fவݬಂගdҢᘱᚃ৛ᎇྗเ΋͛ኪ୦τεᔛႧd1988 ϋࠌߕ਷Ь
дഺ̋ψɽኪҸᛘ௹ɻኪЗۃdʊႎණ 500 εࠫٙഅাႧࣘdҁϓə࿁τεᔛ
Ⴇٙͪᗇόˢ༰୚ᇘٙ޼Ӻf
Ң̋ɽࣛಂุٙࢪd݊ᔛᇚႧਖ਼࢕ James A. Matisoff ઺બd˼຅͍ࣛጐ฽

પਗ ˜ဏᔛႧΝ๕൚൚Պ™ ࠇ೥dක࢝࿴Ꮭ̚ဏᔛႧ൚คٙखɽʈ೻fҢၾɓҭ
Ϟқ׵ဏᔛႧ޼Ӻٙ௹ɻ͛Ϟֱਞၾdܼ̍ᖯʠήeᒵࡪ˃eDavid Solnite
Toshio Ohori ഃኪڗΝኪfߕ਷Ӌኪಂගd͟׵ᅲೌૢ΁޼ӺᔛႧdҢਗ਼޼Ӻͦ
ᅺᔷΣᔛیरຄήਜٙ༺̵ႧdӔ֛˸༺̵Ⴇዝ̦ˢ༰މሙᕚᅠᄳ௹ɻሞ˖d

׵ 1990 ϋፋࠌГᔛی௅ႎණ༺̵ˢ༰ҿࣘfҢٙሞ˖ᐼഐə຅ࣛ˖ᘠၾሜݟҿ
ࣘঐ଄ႊٙהϞ༺̵˙ԊႧࠪစᜊ஝ܛdމ̚༺̵ႧආБڋӉٙႧࠪ࿴ᏝʿႧ
˕ྌʱdႩމ༺̵ႧᏐ᙮ዹͭٙᔛᇚႧ˕dͦۃʊ݊਷ყኪޢ΍ᗆf
1993 ϋଭุܝdҢڏΫʕ޼৫̦Ⴇה޼Ӻ੪ЗfɚɤቱϋԸdίᔛᇚႧۃ

ቁᏖᅅข઺બd͉הᛵ๯۬৫ɻeОɽτ৫ɻོᎸɨdΎܓਗ਼طኪࠠᓃᔷΫ̬
ʇήਜٙᔛႧʿ޴ᗫᔛᇚႧf
ᔛႧ˙ࠦdҢί̬ʇ͞ሜࣛd೯ତʱ̺ίᔛe٩eྗϐʹޢʆਜ༵ٙਜᔛ
༑ၾ˴ݴᔛႧ˙Ԋࢨй༰ɽdዝ̦೯࢝तࣿdಀੂБεࡈਖ਼ᕚࠇ೥ઞӺڛᜠ

ψe͚ѾψٙᔛႧ˙Ԋf຾ཀʔቀ޼Ӻdᗆй̈ᆠਕ๖eӋΛeЍဧᜠe̔
Ꮂe༺̚eӍͩεeی౹ࣦഃཀ̘ӼމɛٝٙዹतᔛႧd࿁ڮආᔛႧ˙Ԋኪආ

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