2016 ANNUAL REVIEW Ministry of Science and Technology

(TLS) and 99.8% (TPS) during the time periods when they were open to users. During the year, NSRRC continued to perform maintenance of the accelerators' power supply, beam power, high-frequency, instrumental control, magnet, vacuum, and precision mechanical subsystems and light source-related facilities, optimize the integration of subsystems, and provide domestic and foreign light source users with continuous, long-term, high-quality synchrotron radiation. 2. Beamline Experimental Facilities NSRRC continued to operate, maintain, and upgrade its beamlines during 2016; beamline energies included infrared, UV, soft X-rays, and hard X-rays. During the year, the Center had 26 beamlines open to users (including 24 at the NSRRC site and two at Japan's SPring-8). To make full use of TPS's outstanding performance from the start, NSRRC began implementing the first phase of a beamline experimental facility construction project in 2011; this project encompassed seven experimental facilities: protein crystallography (TPS 05A), resonant soft X-ray scattering (TPS 41A), submicron soft X-ray spectrography (TPS 45A), coherent X-ray scattering (TPS 25A), X-ray nanoprobe experiments (TPS 23A), X-ray nanometer diffraction (TPS 21A), and temporally coherent X-ray spectroscopy (TPS 09A). Among these the TPS 05A, TPS 09A, TPS 21A, and TPS 25A beamlines were opened to users starting in September; optimization and experiment station expansion work is continuing. After the basic structure of the TPS 41A, TPS 45A, and TPS 23A beamlines has been completed, commissioning of the beamlines will begin. A second phase of experimental facility construction is currently getting underway. 3. User Extension and Scientific Research A total of 1,636 research projects (12,619 person-times) used NSRRC's light source for cutting- edge experiments during 2016; these projects involved a cumulative total of 81 domestic and 58 foreign organizations. The scope of these projects encompassed atomic and molecular science, condensed state physics, materials science, soft materials, biological structures, nanometer fabrication, and industrial applications. As of the end of the year, users had published a total of 348 SCI -cited papers in prominent international scientific journals, including 166 papers published in prestigious journals with impact factors in the top 10%, and 90 papers published in journals with impact factors in the top 5%. Notable papers included "Structural basis of antizyme- mediated regulation of polyamine homeostasis," which used protein crystallography experiment stations at Japan's SPring-8 light source (experiment stations 15A1, 13B1, and SP12B2), and was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA ; "Soft photo-piezoelectric smart materials," which used an X-ray powder diffraction experiment station, biological membrane scattering experiment station, and small-angle X-ray scattering experiment station (experiment stations 01C2, 13A1, and 23A1), and was published in Advanced Materials ; "Growing high- efficiency perovskite heterogeneous interface thin film solar cells," which used a small-angle X-ray scattering experiment station (experiment station 23A1), and was published in Energy Environmental Science ; "IrO 2 -assisted surface plasma induction hot carriers," which used a soft X-ray absorption experiment station (experiment station 20A1), and was published in Advanced Energy Materials ; and "Reasons for decay of capacitance in Li 2 MnO 3 • Li M O 2 ( M = Li, Ni, Co, Mn) anodic materials," which used transmission X-ray 3D microscopy experiment station (experiment station 01B1), and was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society . TPS combines advanced accelerator technology, precision electrical and mechanical equipment, automatic control, and high-precision measurements, and offers ultra-high brightness, ultra-small focus, and high coherence; it can be used to resolve 3D structures at the nanometer scale in an extremely short time, and can be used extensively in product R&D and process optimization by the green energy technology, biotech pharmaceuticals, and smart machinery industries. A research team at NSRRC used TPS' temporally coherent X-ray beamline experimental facility to design and test an X-ray single-mode interference monochromator, and their results have been published in an international journal, which has created some early publicity for scientific research at TPS. NSRRC holds annual user conferences in order to strengthen communication with users and promote domestic and foreign academic interchange in research fields connected with synchrotron radiation. At the 2016 user conference, NSRRC invited Chiang Tai-chang, who is an Academia Sinica fellow and professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, to serve as the keynote speaker, and a TPS beamline commissioning discussion was held on the second day of the conference to introduce TPS' beamline construction plan, and the phase 1 experimental facilities and their preliminary commissioning results. At seminars on the topics of Soft X-ray SpectroNanoscopy and Its Emergent MOST Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Science and Technology 56 2016 ANNUAL REVIEW